Introduction: Biotechnology uses enzymes or living organisms from the organisms themselves to produce resources that are helpful to people and used to better our lives on Earth. Biotechnology includes techniques such as test-tube babies created through in vitro fertilisation, gene synthesis, DNA vaccine creation, and flawed gene rectification. Microorganisms have been employed for more than 5000 years to produce beneficial food products. Bread, cheese, and dairy products are excellent examples of using cellular and biomolecular processes. Biotechnology - Principles and Processes benefits the world in a variety of ways by utilising the genetic makeup. Biotechnology Biotechnology is the study of biology in which technology is employed and applied to improve human health. Biotechnology is the process of creating, developing, and modifying helpful product to meet the needs of all living organisms. Being one of the earliest technology used by industry, it is still widely utilized, particularly to support research and development. Principles and Processes of BiotechnologyGenetic engineering is the process of changing the phenotype of a target organism by modifying its DNA.Bioprocess engineering is the process of maintaining sterile conditions to allow vast quantities of desired bacteria and eukaryotic cells to grow in order to produce new or altered biotechnological products such as antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, and so on.The primary techniques of genetic engineering are: 1.The DNA fragment is extracted from the donor organism.2.It's inserted into the vector DNA.3.It gets transmitted to the proper host such as bacteria, plant cell or animal cell through various techniques.4.Cloning of recombinant DNA within the host organism. Recombinant DNA technology is also referred to as Genetic Engineering. It is the process of combining two DNA molecules from different organisms. Recombinant DNA technology methods include the following steps: 1.The isolation of DNA2.DNA fragmentation with restriction endonucleases3.Ligating the required DNA segment into the vector, transferring the recombinant DNA into the host, and cultivating the transformed cells in a nutritional medium.4.Extracting the required product. Tools for Recombinant DNA technology Inserting the desired gene into the host's genome is not as simple as it sounds. It entails selecting the required gene for administration into the host, followed by selecting the ideal vector into which the gene must be integrated and recombinant DNA produced. The recombinant DNA must then be injected into the host. Finally, it must be kept in the host and passed on to future generations. Recombinant DNA technology can be completed and done with the assistance of some basic tools. Restriction Enzymes : Restriction enzymes aid to cut, polymerases help to synthesise, and ligases help to bind.The restriction enzymes employed in recombinant DNA technology play a critical role in defining where the target gene is inserted into the vector genome. There are two types: endonucleases and exonucleases. Endonucleases cut within the DNA strand, while exonucleases cut nucleotides at the ends of the DNA strands. The restriction endonucleases are sequence-specific, mainly palindrome sequences, and cut the DNA at specified locations. They examine the length of DNA and make the cut at a specified location known as the restriction site. This leads to sticky ends in the sequence. The desired genes and vectors are cut by the same restriction enzymes to produce complementary sticky notes, making it easier for the ligases to bind the desired gene to the vector. VectorsThe vectors help to transport and integrate the target gene. These are an essential component of recombinant DNA technology since they are the ultimate transporters for transporting the desired gene into the host organism. Plasmids and bacteriophages are the most commonly used vectors in recombinant DNA technology. Host organismThe organism that receives the recombinant DNA is referred to as the host. The host accepts the vector formed with the desired DNA with through restriction enzymes. There are several methods for inserting recombinant DNA into the host, including microinjection, biolistics or gene gun, alternate cooling and heating, the use of calcium ions, and so on.DNA cloning DNA cloning is the technique of producing several identical copies of a portion of DNA. This technique requires cloning vectors which possess the following properties:It should be smaller in size, but capable of carrying a big DNA insert.The cloning vector should have a replication origin that allows it to replicate independently in the host organism.It should contain a restriction site.It should include a selectable marker for screening recombinant organisms.It should have numerous cloning locations. Bioprocess Engineering Bioprocess engineering involves the proliferation of cells in bioreactors. A considerable amount of culture is obtained during the process, resulting in a larger yield of the needed protein. The obtained goods go through a range of procedures. Prior to further trials, the products are refined by downstream processing and subjected to quality inspections. This method is used to produce medicines and vaccines. Process The host organism carrying the rDNA is cultivated in a sterile bioreactor under optimal growth conditions. The products produced are either discharged into the growing medium or collect within the cells.Before they are commercialised, the obtained products go through a variety of steps.A step known as downstream processing purifies the goods, which are then formed through a variety of processes.Before proceeding with further trials, the product is submitted to a stringent quality check. Obtaining Foreign Gene ProductIn recombinant technologies, the desired gene is chosen, followed by the selection of a proper vector into which the desired gene must be integrated, and last, the gene of interest is ligated with the vector to generate recombinant DNA. Once the foreign DNA is introduced, the host multiplies and eventually produces the desired protein. The rDNA must be preserved in the host and passed on to the children. To produce the required protein, the gene that encodes for it must be expressed. This only occurs under optimal conditions. The target protein must not only be expressed, but also mass-produced. A continuous culture technique allows for the large-scale multiplication of recombinant cells. The cells are cultivated in a huge vessel, and the medium is refilled on a regular basis to maintain optimal conditions. This aids in the production of a big quantity of the necessary protein. This can be accomplished by employing a bioreactor. BioreactorA bioreactor helps to create a huge amount of culture. The bioreactor is a huge vessel in which various cells, such as human, plant, and animal cells, can be cultivated to produce new biological products. It provides optimal circumstances such as temperature, pH, substrate, oxygen, and so on for cell culture to produce desired products. Simple stirred-tank bioreactors and sparged stirred-tank bioreactors are the two types of bioreactors employed in this application.Downstream ProcessingDownstream processing is the sequential step of isolating, purifying, and preserving final goods before they are marketed. This stage involves formulating the final product with additives such as preservatives, colours, and so on, followed by clinical trials. For detailed free study notes pdf and practice ques ans related to Biotechnology : Principles and Processes visit https://edutales.in/chapter-9-biotechnology-principles-and-processes_theory-2/ https://edutales.in/chapter-9-biotechnology-principles-and-processes_practice-questions-2/ For animated explainer video related to Biotechnology : Principles and Processes visit https://youtu.be/_O6m0ntypMY?feature=shared FAQs on Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Q1: What is Bioprocess Engineering?Bioprocess engineering is the large-scale culture of microorganisms and their downstream processing for the production of diverse products. Q2What is rDNA technology?rDNA technology (recombinant DNA technology) is the process of producing recombinant DNA utilising a cloning vector and a gene of interest. This rDNA has the ability to express the desired gene in the host organism. Q3: What steps are included in rDNA technology?Selection of the chosen gene.A cloning vector, such as a plasmid, is a vector used to transfer a gene.Inserting recombinant DNA into the host.Maintaining the injected DNA in the host so that it can be handed down to the next generation Q4: What is a cloning vector?Cloning vector is sometimes referred to as gene vehicle. It transports the gene of interest into the host. Examples include plasmids, BACs, and retroviral vectors. Q5 : What are the products of biotechnology?Biotechnology produces biopolymers, enzymes, antibiotics, alcohols, organic acids, proteins, hormones, and biomass.
